In document image analysis the task of segmenting images of ancient printed documents in distinct elements is known to be a very complex problem. In general, these documents are of low quality and can present skew and degradations because of old printing or ink stains. To face these problems we will show and discuss the validity of the Mumford and Shah variational method, based on the ? convergence theory, along with its numerical handling.

Variable annuities are investment products offered by Insurance Companies. They allow investors to place assets in mutual funds under the umbrella of a tax-deferred account. The account value of variable annuities fluctuates based on the performance of the selected mutual funds and therefore some risks are involved. Recently there has been a growing interest in using fuzzy numbers to deal with financial uncertainty.